]! ^! The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the South Africa Company in 1923. A 1961 constitution was formulated that favored whites in power. In 1965 the government unilaterally declared its independence, but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded more complete voting rights for the black African majority in the country (then called Rhodesia). UN sanctions and a guerrilla uprising finally led to free elections in 1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe) in 1980. Robert MUGABE, the nation's first prime minister, has been the country's only ruler (as president since 1987) and has dominated the country's political system since independence. His chaotic land redistribution campaign begun in 2000 caused an exodus of white farmers, crippled the economy, and ushered in widespread shortages of basic commodities. Ignoring international condemnation, MUGABE rigged the 2002 presidential election to ensure his reelection. Opposition and labor groups launched general strikes in 2003 to pressure MUGABE to retire early; security forces continued their brutal repression of regime opponents. 
]" ^" Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia ^# 20 00 S, 30 00 E ^$ Africa ^% `! 390,580 sq km `" 386,670 sq km `# 3,910 sq km ^& slightly larger than Montana ^' `! 3,066 km `U Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km ^( 0 km (landlocked) ^) none (landlocked) ^* tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) ^+ mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east ^, `% junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m `& Inyangani 2,592 m ^- coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals ^. `' 8.32% `( 0.34% `) 91.34% (2001) ^/ 1,170 sq km (1998 est.) ^0 recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare ^1 deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution _J `K Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection `L none of the selected agreements ^2 landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zambia; in full flood (February-April) the massive Victoria Falls on the river forms the world's largest curtain of falling water 
]# ^3 12,746,990 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.) ^4 `* 39.2% (male 2,522,609/female 2,474,131) `+ 57.1% (male 3,686,354/female 3,592,662) `, 3.7% (male 235,478/female 235,756) (2005 est.) ^5 `! 19.26 years `- 19.28 years `. 19.24 years (2005 est.) ^6 0.51% (2005 est.) ^7 29.74 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^8 24.66 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^9 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population negligible migrant(s)/1,000 population note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2005 est.) ^: `/ 1.03 male(s)/female `0 1.02 male(s)/female `+ 1.03 male(s)/female `, 1 male(s)/female `1 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.) ^; `! 67.69 deaths/1,000 live births `- 70.32 deaths/1,000 live births `. 64.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) ^< `1 39.13 years `- 40.2 years `. 38.03 years (2005 est.) ^= 3.54 children born/woman (2005 est.) ^> 24.6% (2001 est.) ^? 1.8 million (2001 est.) ^@ 170,000 (2003 est.) __ degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid vectorborne disease: malaria water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004) ^A `2 Zimbabwean(s) `3 Zimbabwean ^B African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and Asian 1%, white less than 1% ^C syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1% ^D English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects ^E `M age 15 and over can read and write English `1 90.7% `- 94.2% `. 87.2% (2003 est.) 
]$ ^F `4 Republic of Zimbabwe `5 Zimbabwe `X Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia ^H parliamentary democracy ^I Harare ^J 8 provinces and 2 cities* with provincial status; Bulawayo*, Harare*, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands ^K 18 April 1980 (from UK) ^L Independence Day, 18 April (1980) ^M 21 December 1979 ^N mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law ^O 18 years of age; universal ^P `6 Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 December 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government `7 Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 December 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government `8 Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the House of Assembly `9 presidential candidates nominated with a nomination paper signed by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from each province) and elected by popular vote for a 6-year term; election last held 9-11 March 2002 (next to be held March 2008); co-vice presidents appointed by the president `: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent of vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 56.2%, Morgan TSVANGIRAI 41.9% ^Q unicameral House of Assembly (150 seats - 120 elected by popular vote for five-year terms, 12 nominated by the president, 10 occupied by traditional chiefs chosen by their peers, and 8 occupied by provincial governors appointed by the president) `9 last held 31 March 2005 (next to be held NA 2010) `: percent of vote by party - ZANU-PF 59.6%, MDC 39.5%, other 0.9%; seats by party - ZANU-PF 78, MDC 41, Independents 1 ^R Supreme Court; High Court ^S Movement for Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI]; National Alliance for Good Governance or NAGG [Shakespeare MAYA]; United Parties [Abel MUZOREWA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or ZANU-Ndonga [Wilson KUMBULA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert Gabriel MUGABE]; Zimbabwe African Peoples Union or ZAPU [Agrippa MADLELA] ^T National Constitutional Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU]; Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition [Brian KAGORO]; Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions or ZCTU [Lovemore MATOMBO] ^U ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO ^V `N Ambassador Simbi Veke MUBAKO `O 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 `P [1] (202) 332-7100 `Q [1] (202) 483-9326 ^W `N Ambassador Joseph G. SULLIVAN `Z 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare `[ P. O. Box 3340, Harare `P [263] (4) 250-593 and 250-594 `Q [263] (4) 796488 ^X seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in black with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird representing the long history of the country is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle, which symbolizes peace; green symbolizes agriculture, yellow - mineral wealth, red - blood shed to achieve independence, and black stands for the native people 
]% ^Y The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of difficult economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainable fiscal deficit, an overvalued exchange rate, soaring inflation, and bare shelves. Its 1998-2002 involvement in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy. Badly needed support from the IMF has been suspended because of the country's failure to meet budgetary goals. Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to 133% at the end of 2004, while the exchange rate fell from 24 Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar to 6,200 in the same time period. The government's land reform program, characterized by chaos and violence, has badly damaged the commercial farming sector, the traditional source of exports and foreign exchange and the provider of 400,000 jobs. ^Z $24.37 billion (2004 est.) ^[ -8.2% (2004 est.) ^\ purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.) ^] `; 18.1% `< 24.3% `= 57.7% (2004 est.) ^^ 4.23 million (2004 est.) ^_ agriculture 66%, industry 10%, services 24% (1996) ^` 70% (2002 est.) ^a 70% (2002 est.) _! `> 1.97% `? 40.42% (1995) _d 50.1 (1995) _" 133% (2004 est.) _P 9.9% of GDP (2004 est.) _# `@ $1.325 billion `A $1.593 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.) _Q 52.3% of GDP (2004 est.) _$ corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; sheep, goats, pigs _% mining (coal, gold, platinum, copper, nickel, tin, clay, numerous metallic and nonmetallic ores), steel, wood products, cement, chemicals, fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages _& -7.8% (2004 est.) _' 8.839 billion kWh (2002) _( 11.22 billion kWh (2002) _) 0 kWh (2002) _* 3 billion kWh (2002) _+ 0 bbl/day (2001 est.) _, 23,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) _- NA _. NA _X $-230.3 million (2004 est.) _/ $1.409 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) _0 cotton, tobacco, gold, ferroalloys, textiles/clothing _1 South Africa 31.5%, Switzerland 7.4%, UK 7.3%, China 6.1%, Germany 4.3% (2004) _2 $1.599 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) _3 machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures, chemicals, fuels _4 South Africa 46.9%, Botswana 3.6%, UK 3.4% (2004) _Y $57 million (2004 est.) _5 $4.086 billion (2004 est.) _6 $178 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on humanitarian grounds (2000 est.) _7 Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD) _8 Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 4,303.28 (2004), 697.424 (2003), 55.036 (2002), 55.052 (2001), 44.418 (2000) note: these are official exchange rates, non-official rates vary significantly _9 calendar year 
]& _: 300,900 (2003) _; 379,100 (2003) _< `B system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; more than 100,000 outstanding requests for connection despite an equally large number of installed but unused main lines `C consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines, radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet connection is available in Harare and planned for all major towns and for some of the smaller ones `D country code - 263; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and Gweru) _= AM 7, FM 20 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1 (1998) _> 16 (1997) _? .zw _@ 4,501 (2003) _A 500,000 (2002) 
]' _e `! 3,077 km `c 3,077 km 1.067-m gauge (313 km electrified) (2004) _B `! 18,338 km `E 8,692 km `F 9,646 km (1999 est.) _b on Lake Kariba, length small (2003) _[ refined products 261 km (2004) _C Binga, Kariba _D 404 (2004 est.) _E `! 17 `] 3 `G 2 `^ 4 `_ 8 (2004 est.) _L `! 387 `^ 5 `_ 186 `T 196 (2004 est.) 
]( _F Zimbabwe Defense Forces (ZDF): Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ), Zimbabwe Republic Police (2005) _M 18 years of age (est.) (2004) _] males age 18-49: 2,840,053 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 18-49: 1,148,590 (2005 est.) _N $217 million (2004) _O 4.3% (2004) 
]) _H Botswana has built electric fences and South Africa has placed military along the border to stem the flow of thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river _c IDPs: 100,000-150,000 (MUGABE-led political violence, human rights violations, land reform, and economic collapse) (2004) _I transit point for African cannabis and South Asian heroin, mandrax, and methamphetamines destined for the South African and European markets 