]! ^! French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, continued to rule well into the 21st century. Despite the facade of multiparty elections instituted in the early 1990s, the government continued to be dominated by President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party maintained power almost continually since 1967. Togo has come under fire from international organizations for human rights abuses and is plagued by political unrest. While most bilateral and multilateral aid to Togo remains frozen, the European Union initiated a partial resumption of cooperation and development aid to Togo in late 2004. Upon his death in February 2005, President EYADEMA was succeeded by his son Faure GNASSINGBE. The succession, supported by the military and in contravention of the nation's constitution, was challenged by popular protest and a threat of sanctions from regional leaders. GNASSINGBE succumbed to pressure and agreed to hold elections in late April 2005. 
]" ^" Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana ^# 8 00 N, 1 10 E ^$ Africa ^% `! 56,785 sq km `" 54,385 sq km `# 2,400 sq km ^& slightly smaller than West Virginia ^' `! 1,647 km `U Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km ^( 56 km ^) `$ 30 nm `I 200 nm ^* tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north ^+ gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes ^, `% Atlantic Ocean 0 m `& Mont Agou 986 m ^- phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land ^. `' 46.15% `( 2.21% `) 51.64% (2001) ^/ 70 sq km (1998 est.) ^0 hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts ^1 deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas _J `K Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands `L none of the selected agreements ^2 the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna 
]# ^3 5,681,519 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.) ^4 `* 43.2% (male 1,232,759/female 1,224,060) `+ 54.2% (male 1,505,737/female 1,571,201) `, 2.6% (male 60,799/female 86,963) (2005 est.) ^5 `! 17.78 years `- 17.42 years `. 18.14 years (2005 est.) ^6 2.17% (2005 est.) ^7 33.48 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^8 11.8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^9 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^: `/ 1.03 male(s)/female `0 1.01 male(s)/female `+ 0.96 male(s)/female `, 0.7 male(s)/female `1 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.) ^; `! 66.61 deaths/1,000 live births `- 74.24 deaths/1,000 live births `. 58.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) ^< `1 57.01 years `- 55.02 years `. 59.06 years (2005 est.) ^= 4.61 children born/woman (2005 est.) ^> 4.1% (2003 est.) ^? 110,000 (2003 est.) ^@ 10,000 (2003 est.) __ degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004) ^A `2 Togolese (singular and plural) `3 Togolese ^B native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1% ^C indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 29%, Muslim 20% ^D French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north) ^E `M age 15 and over can read and write `1 60.9% `- 75.4% `. 46.9% (2003 est.) 
]$ ^F `4 Togolese Republic `5 Togo `V Republique Togolaise `W none `X French Togoland ^H republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule ^I Lome ^J 5 regions (regions, singular - region); Kara, Plateaux, Savanes, Centrale, Maritime ^K 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship) ^L Independence Day, 27 April (1960) ^M multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992 ^N French-based court system ^O NA years of age; universal adult ^P `6 President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 6 February 2005); note - Gnassingbe EYADEMA died on 5 February 2005 and was succeeded by his son, Faure GNASSINGBE; popular elections in April 2005 validated the succession `7 Prime Minister Edem KODJO (since 8 June 2005) `8 Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime minister `9 president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held NA); prime minister appointed by the president `: Faure GNASSINGBE elected president; percent of vote - Faure GNASSINGBE 60.2%, Emmanuel Akitani BOB 38.3%, Nicolas LAWSON 1.0%, Harry OLYMPIO 0.6% ^Q unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) `9 last held 27 October 2002 (next to be held NA 2007) `: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPT 72, RSDD 3, UDPS 2, Juvento 2, MOCEP 1, independents 1 note: two opposition parties boycotted the election, the Union of the Forces for Change, and the Action Committee for Renewal ^R Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme ^S Juvento [Monsilia DJATO]; Movement of the Believers of Peace and Equality or MOCEP [leader NA]; Rally for the Support for Development and Democracy or RSDD [Harry OLYMPIO]; Rally of the Togolese People or RPT [Faure GNASSINGBE]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU] note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President GNASSINGBE, was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991 ^T NA ^U ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO ^V `N Ambassador Akoussoulelou BODJONA `O 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 `P [1] (202) 234-4212 `Q [1] (202) 232-3190 ^W `N Ambassador Gregory ENGLE `Z Angle Rue Kouenou and Rue 15 Beniglato, Lome `[ B. P. 852, Lome `P [228] 221 29 91 through 221 29 94 `Q [228] 221 79 52 ^X five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia 
]% ^Y This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate about 40% of export earnings, with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is the world's fourth-largest producer of phosphate, but production fell an estimated 22% in 2002 due to power shortages and the cost of developing new deposits. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has moved slowly. Progress depends on following through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations, progress toward legislative elections, and continued support from foreign donors. ^Z $8.684 billion (2004 est.) ^[ 3% (2004 est.) ^\ purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2004 est.) ^] `; 39.5% `< 20.4% `= 40.1% (2003 est.) ^^ 1.74 million (1996) ^_ agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (1998 est.) ^` NA (2003 est.) ^a 32% (1989 est.) _! `> NA `? NA _" 1% (2004 est.) _P 19.1% of GDP (2004 est.) _# `@ $239.2 million `A $273.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.) _$ coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock; fish _% phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement; handicrafts, textiles, beverages _& NA _' 108.8 million kWh (2002) _( 451.2 million kWh (2002) _) 0 kWh (2002) _* 350 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by Ghana (2002) _+ 0 bbl/day (2001 est.) _, 10,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) _- NA _. NA _X $-125.6 million (2004 est.) _/ $663.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.) _0 reexports, cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa _1 Burkina Faso 16.4%, Ghana 15.1%, Benin 9.4%, Mali 7.6%, China 7.5%, India 5.6% (2004) _2 $824.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.) _3 machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products _4 China 25.5%, India 13.3%, France 11.5% (2004) _Y $267.4 million (2004 est.) _5 $1.4 billion (2000) _6 ODA $80 million (2000 est.) _7 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States _8 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000) _9 calendar year 
]& _: 60,600 (2003) _; 220,000 (2003) _< `B fair system based on a network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile cellular system `C microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones `D country code - 228; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie _= AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998) _> 3 (plus two repeaters) (1997) _? .tg _@ 82 (2003) _A 210,000 (2003) 
]' _e `! 568 km `c 568 km 1.000-m gauge (2004) _B `! 7,520 km `E 2,376 km `F 5,144 km (1999 est.) _b 50 km (seasonally on Mono River depending on rainfall) (2003) _C Kpeme, Lome _K `! 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,918 GRT/3,852 DWT by type: cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1 (2005) _D 9 (2004 est.) _E `! 2 `G 2 (2004 est.) _L `! 7 `_ 5 `T 2 (2004 est.) 
]( _F Togolese Armed Forces (FAT): Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie (2005) _M 18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service (2001) _] males age 18-49: 1,148,890 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 18-49: 629,933 (2005 est.) _N $35.5 million (2004) _O 1.9% (2004) 
]) _H in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint commission continues to resurvey the boundary _I transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money laundering not a significant problem 