]! ^! Independent from France in 1960, Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982. However, the envisaged integration of the two countries was never carried out, and the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group sporadically has clashed with government forces since 1982. Senegal has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping. 
]" ^" Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania ^# 14 00 N, 14 00 W ^$ Africa ^% `! 196,190 sq km `" 192,000 sq km `# 4,190 sq km ^& slightly smaller than South Dakota ^' `! 2,640 km `U The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km ^( 531 km ^) `$ 12 nm `H 24 nm `I 200 nm `J 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin ^* tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind ^+ generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast ^, `% Atlantic Ocean 0 m `& unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m ^- fish, phosphates, iron ore ^. `' 12.78% `( 0.21% `) 87.01% (2001) ^/ 710 sq km (1998 est.) ^0 lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts ^1 wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing _J `K Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling ^2 westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almost an enclave within Senegal 
]# ^3 11,126,832 (July 2005 est.) ^4 `* 42.8% (male 2,404,461/female 2,360,167) `+ 54.1% (male 2,901,689/female 3,122,854) `, 3% (male 161,173/female 176,488) (2005 est.) ^5 `! 18.15 years `- 17.6 years `. 18.7 years (2005 est.) ^6 2.48% (2005 est.) ^7 35.21 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^8 10.6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^9 0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^: `/ 1.03 male(s)/female `0 1.02 male(s)/female `+ 0.93 male(s)/female `, 0.91 male(s)/female `1 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.) ^; `! 55.51 deaths/1,000 live births `- 59.17 deaths/1,000 live births `. 51.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) ^< `1 58.9 years `- 57.37 years `. 60.47 years (2005 est.) ^= 4.75 children born/woman (2005 est.) ^> 0.8% (2003 est.) ^? 44,000 (2003 est.) ^@ 3,500 (2003 est.) __ degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley fever are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004) ^A `2 Senegalese (singular and plural) `3 Senegalese ^B Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka 3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4% ^C Muslim 94%, indigenous beliefs 1%, Christian 5% (mostly Roman Catholic) ^D French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka ^E `M age 15 and over can read and write `1 40.2% `- 50% `. 30.7% (2003 est.) 
]$ ^F `4 Republic of Senegal `5 Senegal `V Republique du Senegal `W Senegal ^H republic under multiparty democratic rule ^I Dakar ^J 11 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor ^K 4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence was achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960 ^L Independence Day, 4 April (1960) ^M new constitution adopted 7 January 2001 ^N based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction ^O 18 years of age; universal ^P `6 President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April 2000) `7 Prime Minister Macky SALL (since 21 April 2004) `8 Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president `9 president elected by popular vote for a five-year term under new constitution; election last held under prior constitution (seven-year terms) 27 February and 19 March 2000 (next to be held February 2007); prime minister appointed by the president `: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of vote in the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 58.49%, Abdou DIOUF (PS) 41.51% ^Q unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms) note: the former National Assembly, dissolved in the spring of 2001, had 140 seats `9 last held 29 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2006) `: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SOPI Coalition 89, AFP 11, PS 10, other 10 ^R Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final Appeals or Cour de Cassation; Court of Appeals; note - the judicial system was reformed in 1992 ^S African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also known as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP (also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [Madier DIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE]; Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]; SOPI Coalition (a coalition led by the PDS) [Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]; other small parties ^T labor; Muslim brotherhoods; students; teachers ^U ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO ^V `N Ambassador Amadou Lamine BA `O 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 `P [1] (202) 234-0540 `Q [1] (202) 332-6315 `R New York ^W `N Ambassador Richard Alan ROTH `Z Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Rue Kleber, Dakar `[ B. P. 49, Dakar `P [221] 823-4296 `Q [221] 822-2991 ^X three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia 
]% ^Y In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and ambitious economic reform program with the support of the international donor community. This reform began with a 50% devaluation of Senegal's currency, the CFA franc, which was linked at a fixed rate to the French franc. Government price controls and subsidies have been steadily dismantled. After seeing its economy contract by 2.1% in 1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks to the reform program, with real growth in GDP averaging 5% annually during 1995-2003. Annual inflation had been pushed down to the low single digits. As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external tariff and a more stable monetary policy. Senegal still relies heavily upon outside donor assistance, however. Under the IMF's Highly Indebted Poor Countries debt relief program, Senegal will benefit from eradication of two-thirds of its bilateral, multilateral, and private sector debt. ^Z $18.36 billion (2004 est.) ^[ 3.2% (2004 est.) ^\ purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2004 est.) ^] `; 15.9% `< 21.4% `= 62.7% (2004 est.) ^^ 4.65 million (2004 est.) ^_ agriculture 70% ^` 48% (urban youth 40%) (2001 est.) ^a 54% (2001 est.) _! `> 2.6% `? 33.5% (1995) _d 41.3 (1995) _" 0.8% (2004 est.) _P 20.1% of GDP (2004 est.) _# `@ $1.572 billion `A $1.627 billion, including capital expenditures of $357 million (2004 est.) _Q 55.2% of GDP (2004 est.) _$ peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish _% agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials, ship construction and repair _& 4.7% (2004 est.) _' 1.737 billion kWh (2002) _( 1.615 billion kWh (2002) _) 0 kWh (2002) _* 0 kWh (2002) _+ 0 bbl/day (2001 est.) _, 31,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) _- NA _. NA _S 50 million cu m (2001 est.) _T 50 million cu m (2001 est.) _U 0 cu m (2001 est.) _V 0 cu m (2001 est.) _X $-518.8 million (2004 est.) _/ $1.374 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) _0 fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates, cotton _1 India 14.4%, Mali 13.1%, France 9.8%, Italy 7.3%, Spain 6.6%, Guinea-Bissau 5.6%, Gambia, The 4.8% (2004) _2 $2.128 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) _3 food and beverages, capital goods, fuels _4 France 24.8%, Nigeria 11.9%, Thailand 6.1% (2004) _Y $820 million (2004 est.) _5 $3.476 billion (2004 est.) _6 $362.6 million (2002 est.) _7 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States _8 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000) _9 calendar year 
]& _: 228,800 (2003) _; 575,900 (2003) _< `B good system `C above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable in trunk system `D country code - 221; 4 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) _= AM 8, FM 20, shortwave 1 (2001) _> 1 (1997) _? .sn _@ 672 (2003) _A 225,000 (2003) 
]' _e `! 906 km `c 906 km 1.000-meter gauge (2004) _B `! 14,576 km `E 4,271 km including 7 km of expressways `F 10,305 km (2000) _b 1,000 km (primarily on Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance rivers) (2003) _[ gas 564 km (2004) _C Dakar _D 20 (2004 est.) _E `! 9 `] 1 `^ 6 `_ 2 (2004 est.) _L `! 11 `^ 6 `_ 4 `T 1 (2004 est.) 
]( _F Army, Navy (Marine Senegalaise), Air Force (2005) _M 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004) _] males age 18-49: 2,183,343 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 18-49: 1,300,502 (2005 est.) _^ `` 124,096 (2005 est.) _N $107.3 million (2004) _O 1.5% (2004) 
]) _H The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem Senegalese citizens from the Casamance region fleeing separatist violence, cross border raids, and arms smuggling _c IDPs: 17,000 (clashes between government troops and separatists in Casamance region) (2004) _I transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis 