]! ^! Populated for centuries by aboriginal peoples, the island was claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493 following Columbus' second voyage to the Americas. In 1898, after 400 years of colonial rule that saw the indigenous population nearly exterminated and African slave labor introduced, Puerto Rico was ceded to the US as a result of the Spanish-American War. Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship in 1917. Popularly-elected governors have served since 1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal self government. In plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, voters chose to retain commonwealth status. 
]" ^" Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic ^# 18 15 N, 66 30 W ^$ Central America and the Caribbean ^% `! 9,104 sq km `" 8,959 sq km `# 145 sq km ^& slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island ^' 0 km ^( 501 km ^) `$ 12 nm `I 200 nm ^* tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation ^+ mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal areas ^, `% Caribbean Sea 0 m `& Cerro de Punta 1,338 m ^- some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil ^. `' 3.95% `( 5.52% `) 90.53% (2001) ^/ 400 sq km (1998 est.) ^0 periodic droughts; hurricanes ^1 erosion; occasional drought causing water shortages ^2 important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean; many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north 
]# ^3 3,916,632 (July 2005 est.) ^4 `* 22% (male 441,594/female 421,986) `+ 65.5% (male 1,228,583/female 1,337,066) `, 12.4% (male 211,283/female 276,120) (2005 est.) ^5 `! 34.23 years `- 32.5 years `. 35.87 years (2005 est.) ^6 0.47% (2005 est.) ^7 13.93 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^8 7.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^9 -1.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^: `/ 1.05 male(s)/female `0 1.05 male(s)/female `+ 0.92 male(s)/female `, 0.76 male(s)/female `1 0.92 male(s)/female (2005 est.) ^; `! 8.24 deaths/1,000 live births `- 9.52 deaths/1,000 live births `. 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) ^< `1 78.29 years `- 74.35 years `. 82.43 years (2005 est.) ^= 1.91 children born/woman (2005 est.) ^> NA ^? 7,397 (1997) ^@ NA ^A `2 Puerto Rican(s) (US citizens) `3 Puerto Rican ^B white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%, Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9% ^C Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant and other 15% ^D Spanish, English ^E `M age 15 and over can read and write `1 94.1% `- 93.9% `. 94.4% (2002 est.) 
]$ ^F `4 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico `5 Puerto Rico ^G commonwealth associated with the US ^H commonwealth ^I San Juan ^J none (commonwealth associated with the US); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 78 municipalities (municipios, singular - municipio) at the second order; Adjuntas, Aguada, Aguadilla, Aguas Buenas, Aibonito, Anasco, Arecibo, Arroyo, Barceloneta, Barranquitas, Bayamon, Cabo Rojo, Caguas, Camuy, Canovanas, Carolina, Catano, Cayey, Ceiba, Ciales, Cidra, Coamo, Comerio, Corozal, Culebra, Dorado, Fajardo, Florida, Guanica, Guayama, Guayanilla, Guaynabo, Gurabo, Hatillo, Hormigueros, Humacao, Isabela, Jayuya, Juana Diaz, Juncos, Lajas, Lares, Las Marias, Las Piedras, Loiza, Luquillo, Manati, Maricao, Maunabo, Mayaguez, Moca, Morovis, Naguabo, Naranjito, Orocovis, Patillas, Penuelas, Ponce, Quebradillas, Rincon, Rio Grande, Sabana Grande, Salinas, San German, San Juan, San Lorenzo, San Sebastian, Santa Isabel, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Utuado, Vega Alta, Vega Baja, Vieques, Villalba, Yabucoa, Yauco ^K none (commonwealth associated with the US) ^L US Independence Day, 4 July (1776); Puerto Rico Constitution Day, 25 July (1952) ^M ratified 3 March 1952, approved by US Congress 3 July 1952, effective 25 July 1952 ^N based on Spanish civil code and within the US Federal system of justice ^O 18 years of age; universal; island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections ^P `6 President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20 January 2001) `7 Governor Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA (since 2 January 2005) `8 Cabinet appointed by the governor with the consent of the legislature `9 US president and vice president elected on the same ticket for four-year terms; governor elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008) `: Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA (PPD) elected governor; percent of vote - 48.4% ^Q bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of the Senate (at least 27 seats - currently 29; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives (51 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) `9 Senate - last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008); House of Representatives - last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008) `: Senate - percent of vote by party - PNP 43.4%, PPD 40.3%, PIP 9.4%; seats by party - PNP 17, PPD 9, PIP 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PNP 46.3%, PPD 43.1%, PIP 9.7%; seats by party - PNP 32, PPD 18, PIP 1 note: Puerto Rico elects, by popular vote, a resident commissioner to serve a four-year term as a nonvoting representative in the US House of Representatives; aside from not voting on the House floor, he enjoys all the rights of a member of Congress; elections last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008); results - percent of vote by party - PNP 48.6%; seats by party - PNP 1; Luis FORTUNO elected resident commissioner ^R Supreme Court; Appellate Court; Court of First Instance composed of two sections: a Superior Court and a Municipal Court (justices for all these courts appointed by the governor with the consent of the Senate) ^S National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; National Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Dr. Tiody FERRE]; New Progressive Party or PNP (pro-US statehood) [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic Party or PPD (pro-commonwealth) [Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA]; Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez] ^T Armed Forces for National Liberation or FALN; Armed Forces of Popular Resistance; Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution ^U ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WToO (associate) ^V none (commonwealth associated with the US) ^W none (commonwealth associated with the US) ^X five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; design initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed 
]% ^Y Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. A diverse industrial sector has far surpassed agriculture as the primary locus of economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty-free access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. US minimum wage laws apply. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income, with estimated arrivals of nearly 5 million tourists in 1999. Growth fell off in 2001-03, largely due to the slowdown in the US economy, and has recovered in 2004. ^Z $68.95 billion (2004 est.) ^[ 2.7% (2004 est.) ^\ purchasing power parity - $17,700 (2004 est.) ^] `; 1% `< 45% `= 54% (2002 est.) ^^ 1.3 million (2000) ^_ agriculture 3%, industry 20%, services 77% (2000 est.) ^` 12% (2002) ^a NA _! `> NA `? NA _" 6.5% (2003 est.) _# `@ $6.7 billion `A $9.6 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (FY99/00) _$ sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas, livestock products, chickens _% pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, tourism _& NA% _' 22.09 billion kWh (2002) _( 20.54 billion kWh (2002) _) 0 kWh (2002) _* 0 kWh (2002) _+ 0 bbl/day (2001 est.) _, 190,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) _- NA _. NA _S 0 cu m (2001 est.) _T 630 million cu m (2001 est.) _U 0 cu m (2001 est.) _V 630 million cu m (2001 est.) _/ $46.9 billion f.o.b. (2001) _0 chemicals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment _1 US 90.3%, UK 1.6%, Netherlands 1.4%, Dominican Republic 1.4% (2002 est.) _2 $29.1 billion c.i.f. (2001) _3 chemicals, machinery and equipment, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products _4 US 55.0%, Ireland 23.7%, Japan 5.4% (2002 est.) _5 NA _6 NA (2001) _7 US dollar (USD) _8 the US dollar is used _9 1 July - 30 June 
]& _: 1,329,500 (2002) _; 1,211,111 (2001) _< `B modern system integrated with that of the US by high-capacity submarine cable and Intelsat with high-speed data capability `C digital telephone system; cellular telephone service `D country code - 1-787, 939; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; submarine cable to US _= AM 72, FM 17, shortwave 0 (1998) _> 6 (19 relay stations) (2004) _? .pr _A 600,000 (2002) 
]' _e `! 96 km `c 96 km 1.000-m gauge (2004) _B `! 25,328 km `E 23,665 km (including 426 km of expressways) `F 1,363 km (2004) _C Las Mareas, Mayaguez, San Juan _K `! 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 36,728 GRT/37,048 DWT by type: roll on/roll off 2 `S 2 (United States 2) `\ 1 (2005) _D 30 (2004 est.) _E `! 17 `] 3 `^ 2 `_ 7 `T 5 (2004 est.) _L `! 13 `^ 1 `_ 2 `T 10 (2004 est.) 
]( _F no regular indigenous military forces; paramilitary National Guard, Police Force _G defense is the responsibility of the US 
]) _H increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each year looking for work 