]! ^! The Philippine Islands became a Spanish colony during the 16th century; they were ceded to the US in 1898 following the Spanish-American War. In 1935 the Philippines became a self-governing commonwealth. Manuel QUEZON was elected President and was tasked with preparing the country for independence after a 10-year transition. In 1942 the islands fell under Japanese occupation during WWII, and US forces and Filipinos fought together during 1944-45 to regain control. On 4 July 1946 the Philippines attained their independence. The 21-year rule of Ferdinand MARCOS ended in 1986, when a widespread popular rebellion forced him into exile and installed Corazon AQUINO as president. Her presidency was hampered by several coup attempts, which prevented a return to full political stability and economic development. Fidel RAMOS was elected president in 1992 and his administration was marked by greater stability and progress on economic reforms. In 1992, the US closed its last military bases on the islands. Joseph ESTRADA was elected president in 1998, but was succeeded by his vice-president, Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, in January 2001 after ESTRADA's stormy impeachment trial on corruption charges broke down and widespread demonstrations led to his ouster. MACAPAGAL-ARROYO was elected to a six-year term in May 2004. The Philippine Government faces threats from armed communist insurgencies and from Muslim separatists in the south. 
]" ^" Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam ^# 13 00 N, 122 00 E ^$ Southeast Asia ^% `! 300,000 sq km `" 298,170 sq km `# 1,830 sq km ^& slightly larger than Arizona ^' 0 km ^( 36,289 km ^) `$ irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth `I 200 nm `J to depth of exploitation ^* tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October) ^+ mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands ^, `% Philippine Sea 0 m `& Mount Apo 2,954 m ^- timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper ^. `' 18.95% `( 16.77% `) 64.28% (2001) ^/ 15,500 sq km (1998 est.) ^0 astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis ^1 uncontrolled deforestation especially in watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major urban centers; coral reef degradation; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps that are important fish breeding grounds _J `K Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling `L Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants ^2 the Philippine archipelago is made up of 7,107 islands; favorably located in relation to many of Southeast Asia's main water bodies: the South China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea, and Luzon Strait 
]# ^3 87,857,473 (July 2005 est.) ^4 `* 35.4% (male 15,869,636/female 15,255,588) `+ 60.6% (male 26,503,785/female 26,722,511) `, 4% (male 1,523,213/female 1,982,740) (2005 est.) ^5 `! 22.27 years `- 21.77 years `. 22.8 years (2005 est.) ^6 1.84% (2005 est.) ^7 25.31 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^8 5.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^9 -1.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^: `/ 1.05 male(s)/female `0 1.04 male(s)/female `+ 0.99 male(s)/female `, 0.77 male(s)/female `1 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.) ^; `! 23.51 deaths/1,000 live births `- 26.34 deaths/1,000 live births `. 20.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) ^< `1 69.91 years `- 67.03 years `. 72.92 years (2005 est.) ^= 3.16 children born/woman (2005 est.) ^> less than 0.1% (2003 est.) ^? 9,000 (2003 est.) ^@ less than 500 (2003 est.) __ degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations animal contact disease: rabies (2004) ^A `2 Filipino(s) `3 Philippine ^B Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Llocano 9%, Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%, other 25.3% (2000 census) ^C Roman Catholic 80.9%, Evangelical 2.8%, Iglesia ni Kristo 2.3%, Aglipayan 2%, other Christian 4.5%, Muslim 5%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.6%, none 0.1% (2000 census) ^D two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinan ^E `M age 15 and over can read and write `1 92.6% `- 92.5% `. 92.7% (2002) 
]$ ^F `4 Republic of the Philippines `5 Philippines `V Republika ng Pilipinas `W Pilipinas ^H republic ^I Manila ^J 79 provinces and 116 chartered cities : provinces: Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Antique, Apayao, Aurora, Basilan, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Biliran, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cebu, Compostela, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Eastern Samar, Guimaras, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, La Union, Leyte, Maguindanao, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain Province, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, Sarangani, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tarlac, Tawi-Tawi, Zambales, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay : chartered cities: Alaminos, Angeles, Antipolo, Bacolod, Bago, Baguio, Bais, Balanga, Batangas, Bayawan, Bislig, Butuan, Cabanatuan, Cadiz, Cagayan de Oro, Calamba, Calapan, Calbayog, Candon, Canlaon, Cauayan, Cavite, Cebu, Cotabato, Dagupan, Danao, Dapitan, Davao, Digos, Dipolog, Dumaguete, Escalante, Gapan, General Santos, Gingoog, Himamaylan, Iligan, Iloilo, Isabela, Iriga, Kabankalan, Kalookan, Kidapawan, Koronadal, La Carlota, Laoag, Lapu-Lapu, Las Pinas, Legazpi, Ligao, Lipa, Lucena, Maasin, Makati, Malabon, Malaybalay, Malolos, Mandaluyong, Mandaue, Manila, Marawi, Markina, Masbate, Muntinlupa, Munoz, Naga, Olongapo, Ormoc, Oroquieta, Ozamis, Pagadian, Palayan, Panabo, Paranaque, Pasay, Pasig, Passi, Puerto Princesa, Quezon, Roxas, Sagay, Samal, San Carlos (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos (in Pangasinan), San Fernando (in La Union), San Fernando (in Pampanga), San Jose, San Jose del Monte, San Pablo, Santa Rosa, Santiago, Silay, Sipalay, Sorsogon, Surigao, Tabaco, Tacloban, Tacurong, Tagaytay, Tagbilaran, Tagum, Talisay (in Cebu), Talisay (in Negros Oriental), Tanauan, Tangub, Tanjay, Tarlac, Toledo, Tuguegarao, Trece Martires, Urdaneta, Valencia, Valenzuela, Victorias, Vigan, Zamboanga ^K 12 June 1898 (from Spain) ^L Independence Day, 12 June (1898) note: 12 June 1898 was date of declaration of independence from Spain; 4 July 1946 was date of independence from US ^M 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987 ^N based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations ^O 18 years of age; universal ^P `6 President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20 January 2001); note - president is both chief of state and head of government `7 President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20 January 2001) `8 Cabinet appointed by the president with consent of Commission of Appointments `9 president and vice president (Manuel "Noli" DE CASTRO) elected on separate tickets by popular vote for six-year terms; election last held 10 May 2004 (next to be held in May 2010) `: results of the election - Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO elected president; percent of vote - Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO 40%, Fernando POE 37%, three others 23% ^Q bicameral Congress or Kongreso consists of the Senate or Senado (24 seats - one-half elected every three years; members elected at large by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan (212 members representing districts plus 24 sectoral party-list members; members elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; note - the Constitution prohibits the House of Representatives from having more than 250 members) `9 Senate - last held 10 May 2004 (next to be held in May 2007); House of Representatives - elections last held 10 May 2004 (next to be held in May 2007) `: Senate - percent of vote by party - Lakas 30%, LP 13%, KNP 13%, independents 17%, others 27%; seats by party - Lakas 7, LP 3, KNP (coalition) 3, independents 4, others 6; note - there are 23 rather than 24 sitting senators because one senator was elected Vice President; 14 senators are pro-government, 9 are in opposition; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Lakas 93, NPC 53, LP 34, LDP 11, others 20; party-listers 24; note - there are 211 rather than 212 sitting representatives because one was appointed Secretary of Tourism (2004) ^R Supreme Court (15 justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council and serve until 70 years of age); Court of Appeals; Sandigan-bayan (special court for hearing corruption cases of government officials) ^S Laban Ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino Democrats) or LDP [Edgardo ANGARA, president]; Lakas Ng Edsa (National Union of Christian Democrats) or Lakas [Jose DE VENECIA, president; Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, chairperson]; Liberal Party or LP [Franklin DRILON, president; Jose ATIENZA, JR., chairman]; National People's Coalition or NPC [Eduardo COJUANGCO, chairman emeritus; Frisco SAN JUAN, president]; PDP-Laban [Aquilino PIMENTEL, president]; Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (Party of the Philippine Masses) or PMP [Joseph ESTRADA, president; Juan Ponce ENRILE, chairman]; Aksyon Demokratiko Party [Raul ROCO, president]; Reporma [Renato DE VILLA, chairman]; PROMDI [Emilio OSMENA, president]; Nacionalista [Manuel VILLAR, president]; People's Reform Party [Miriam Defensor SANTIAGO, president} ^T AKBAYAN [Reps. Etta ROSALES, Mario AGUJA, and Risa HONTIVEROS-BARAQUIEL]; ANAKPAWIS [Reps. Crispin BELTRAN and Rafael MARIANO]; Association of Philippine Electric Cooperatives (APEC) [Reps. Edgar VALDEZ, Ernesto PABLO, and Sunny Rose MADAMBA]; Bayan Muna [Reps. Satur OCAMPO, Joel VIRADOR, and Teodoro CASINO, Jr.]; BUHAY [Reps. Rene VELARDE and Hans Christian SENERES]; BUTIL [Rep. Benjamin CRUZ]; CIBAC [Rep. Emmanuel Joel VILLANUEVA]; GABRIELA [Rep. Liza MAZA]; PARTIDO NG MANGGAGAWA [Rep. Renato MAGTUBO] (2003) ^U APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO ^V `N Ambassador Albert DEL ROSARIO `O 1600 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 `P [1] (202) 467-9300 `Q [1] (202) 328-7614 `R Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, San Jose (Northern Mariana Islands), Tamuning (Guam) ^W `N Charge d'Affaires Darryl N. JOHNSON (Ambassador-designate Michael MICHALAK) `Z 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila `[ PSC 500, FPO AP 96515-1000 `P [63] (2) 523-6300 `Q [63] (2) 522-4361 ^X two equal horizontal bands of blue (top; representing peace and justice) and red (representing courage); a white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side represents equality; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays, each representing one of the first eight provinces that sought independence from Spain; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star representing the three major geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; the design of the flag dates to 1897; in wartime the flag is flown upside down with the red band at the top 
]% ^Y The Philippines was less severely affected by the Asian financial crisis of 1998 than its neighbors, aided in part by annual remittances of $7-8 billion from overseas workers and no sustained runup in asset prices or foreign borrowing prior to the crisis. From a 0.6% decline in 1998, GDP expanded by 2.4% in 1999, and 4.4% in 2000, but slowed to 3.2% in 2001 in the context of a global economic slowdown, an export slump, and political and security concerns. GDP growth accelerated to 4.3% in 2002, 4.7% in 2003, and about 6% in 2004, reflecting the continued resilience of the service sector, and improved exports and agricultural output. Nonetheless, it will take a higher, sustained growth path to make appreciable progress in poverty alleviation given the Philippines' high annual population growth rate and unequal distribution of income. The Philippines also faces higher oil prices, higher interest rates on its dollar borrowings, and higher inflation. Fiscal constraints limit Manila's ability to finance infrastructure and social spending. The Philippines' consistently large budget deficit has produced a high debt level and has forced Manila to spend a large portion of the national government budget on debt service. Large, unprofitable public enterprises, especially in the energy sector, contribute to the government's debt because of slow progress on privatization. Credit rating agencies are increasingly concerned about the Philippines' ability to sustain the debt; legislative progress on new revenue measures will weigh heavily on credit rating decisions. ^Z $430.6 billion (2004 est.) ^[ 5.9% (2004 est.) ^\ purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2004 est.) ^] `; 14.8% `< 31.9% `= 53.2% (2004 est.) ^^ 35.86 million (2004 est.) ^_ agriculture 36%, industry 16%, services 48% (2004 est.) ^` 11.7% (2004 est.) ^a 40% (2001 est.) _! `> 2.3% `? 31.9% (2003) _d 46.6 (2003) _" 5.5% (2004 est.) _P 17% of GDP (2004 est.) _# `@ $12.22 billion `A $15.84 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.4 million (2004 est.) _Q 74.2% of GDP (September 2004 est.) _$ sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, casavas, pineapples, fish, mangoes, pork, eggs, beef _% electronics assembly, garments, footwear, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, petroleum refining, fishing _& 5% (2004 est.) _' 52.86 billion kWh (2003) _( 46.05 billion kWh (2003) _) 0 kWh (2003) _* 0 kWh (2003) _+ 26,000 bbl/day (2003 est.) _, 338,000 bbl/day (2003 est.) _- 0 bbl/day (2001) _. 312,000 bbl/day (2003) _R 152 million bbl (1 January 2004) _S 2.5 million cu m (2004 est.) _T 25 million cu m (2004 est.) _U 0 cu m (2004 est.) _V 0 cu m (2004 est.) _W 107.6 billion cu m (1 January 2004) _X $3.6 billion (2004 est.) _/ $38.63 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) _0 electronic equipment, machinery and transport equipment, garments, optical instruments, coconut products, fruits and nuts, copper products, chemicals _1 Japan 20.1%, US 18.2%, Netherlands 9%, Hong Kong 7.9%, China 6.7%, Singapore 6.6%, Taiwan 5.6%, Malaysia 5.2% (2004) _2 $37.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) _3 raw materials, machinery and equipment, fuels, vehicles and vehicle parts, plastic, chemicals, grains _4 US 18.8%, Japan 17.4%, Singapore 7.8%, Taiwan 7.3%, South Korea 6.2%, China 6%, Malaysia 4.5% (2004) _Y $16.05 billion (2004) _5 $55.6 billion (September 2004 est.) _6 ODA commitments, $2 billion (2004) _7 Philippine peso (PHP) _8 Philippine pesos per US dollar - 56.04 (2004), 54.203 (2003), 51.604 (2002), 50.993 (2001), 44.192 (2000) _9 calendar year 
]& _: 3,310,900 (2002) _; 15.201 million (2002) _< `B good international radiotelephone and submarine cable services; domestic and inter-island service adequate `C domestic satellite system with 11 earth stations `D country code - 63; 9 international gateways; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan _= AM 369, FM 583, shortwave 5 note: each shortwave station operates on multiple frequencies in the language of the target audience (2004) _> 225; note - 1373 CATV networks (2004) _? .ph _@ 38,440 (2002) _A 3.5 million (2002) 
]' _e `! 897 km `c 897 km 1.067-m gauge (492 km are in operation) (2004) _B `! 202,124 km `E 19,202 km `F 182,922 km (2002) _b 3,219 km note: limited to vessels with draft less than 1.5 m (2004) _[ gas 565 km; oil 135 km; refined products 100 km (2004) _C Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Iligan, Iloilo, Manila, Surigao _K `! 419 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,524,259 GRT/6,437,171 DWT by type: bulk carrier 85, cargo 109, chemical tanker 13, container 5, liquefied gas 7, livestock carrier 15, passenger 11, passenger/cargo 73, petroleum tanker 47, refrigerated cargo 23, roll on/roll off 17, vehicle carrier 14 `S 69 (Canada 1, China 2, Germany 2, Greece 5, Hong Kong 2, Japan 31, Malaysia 2, Netherlands 20, Norway 1, UAE 1, United States 2) `\ 40 (2005) _D 255 (2004 est.) _E `! 82 `] 4 `G 6 `^ 26 `_ 35 `T 11 (2004 est.) _L `! 173 `^ 5 `_ 68 `T 100 (2004 est.) _\ 2 (2004 est.) 
]( _F Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP): Army, Navy (includes Coast Guard, Marine Corps), Air Force _M 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2001) _] males age 18-49: 20,131,179 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 18-49: 15,170,096 (2005 est.) _^ `` 907,542 (2005 est.) _N $805.5 million (2004) _O 1% (2004) 
]) _H The Philippines claims sovereignty over certain of the Spratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands, also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf _c IDPs: 150,000 (fighting between government troops and MILF and Abu Sayyaf groups) (2004) _I exports locally-produced marijuana and hashish to East Asia, the US, and other Western markets; serves as a transit point for heroin and crystal methamphetamine; domestic methamphetamine production is a growing problem; remains on Financial Action Task Force Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List for continued failure to address deficiencies in money-laundering control regime 