]! ^! The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with two sections West and East) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan have fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. The dispute over the state of Kashmir is ongoing, but recent discussions and confidence-building measures may be a start toward lessened tensions. 
]" ^" Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north ^# 30 00 N, 70 00 E ^$ Asia ^% `! 803,940 sq km `" 778,720 sq km `# 25,220 sq km ^& slightly less than twice the size of California ^' `! 6,774 km `U Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km ^( 1,046 km ^) `$ 12 nm `H 24 nm `I 200 nm `J 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin ^* mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north ^+ flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west ^, `% Indian Ocean 0 m `& K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m ^- land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone ^. `' 27.87% `( 0.87% `) 71.26% (2001) ^/ 180,000 sq km (1998 est.) ^0 frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August) ^1 water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification _J `K Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands `L Marine Life Conservation ^2 controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent 
]# ^3 162,419,946 (July 2005 est.) ^4 `* 39.6% (male 33,104,311/female 31,244,297) `+ 56.3% (male 46,759,333/female 44,685,828) `, 4.1% (male 3,189,122/female 3,437,055) (2005 est.) ^5 `! 19.58 years `- 19.44 years `. 19.74 years (2005 est.) ^6 2.03% (2005 est.) ^7 30.42 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^8 8.45 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^9 -1.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^: `/ 1.05 male(s)/female `0 1.06 male(s)/female `+ 1.05 male(s)/female `, 0.93 male(s)/female `1 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.) ^; `! 72.44 deaths/1,000 live births `- 72.84 deaths/1,000 live births `. 72.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) ^< `1 63 years `- 62.04 years `. 64.01 years (2005 est.) ^= 4.14 children born/woman (2005 est.) ^> 0.1% (2001 est.) ^? 74,000 (2001 est.) ^@ 4,900 (2003 est.) __ degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and cutaneous leishmaniasis are high risks depending on location animal contact disease: rabies (2004) ^A `2 Pakistani(s) `3 Pakistani ^B Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India at the time of partition and their descendants) ^C Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3% ^D Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8% ^E `M age 15 and over can read and write `1 48.7% `- 61.7% `. 35.2% (2004 est.) 
]$ ^F `4 Islamic Republic of Pakistan `5 Pakistan `X West Pakistan ^H federal republic ^I Islamabad ^J 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sindh note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas ^K 14 August 1947 (from UK) ^L Republic Day, 23 March (1956) ^M 12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored 31 December 2002; amended 31 December 2003 ^N based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations ^O 18 years of age; universal; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims ^P note: following a military takeover on 12 October 1999, Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, General Pervez MUSHARRAF, suspended Pakistan's constitution and assumed the additional title of Chief Executive; on 12 May 2000, Pakistan's Supreme Court unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted MUSHARRAF executive and legislative authority for three years from the coup date; on 20 June 2001, MUSHARRAF named himself as president and was sworn in, replacing Mohammad Rafiq TARAR; in a referendum held on 30 April 2002, MUSHARRAF's presidency was extended by five more years; on 1 January 2004, MUSHARRAF won a vote of confidence in the Senate, National Assembly, and four provincial assemblies `6 President General Pervez MUSHARRAF (since 20 June 2001) `7 Prime Minister Shaukat AZIZ (since 28 August 2004) `8 Cabinet appointed by the prime minister `9 the president is elected by Parliament for a five-year term; note - in a referendum held on 30 April 2002, MUSHARRAF's presidency was extended by five more years (next to be held NA 2007); the prime minister is selected by the National Assembly for a five-year term (next to be held NA 2007) `: AZIZ elected by the National Assembly on 27 August 2004 with 191 of the votes ^Q bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (100 seats - formerly 87; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies to serve four-year terms; and the National Assembly (342 seats - formerly 217; 60 seats represent women; 10 seats represent minorities; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) `9 Senate - last held 24 and 27 February 2003 (next to be held by February 2007); National Assembly - last held 10 October 2002 (next to be held by October 2006) `: Senate results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PML/Q 40, PPPP 11, MMA 21, MQM/A 6, PML/N 4, NA 3, PML/F 1, PkMAP 2, ANP 2, PPP/S 2, JWP 1, BNP-Awami 1, BNP-Mengal 1, BNM/H 1, independents 4; National Assembly results - percent of votes by party - NA%; seats by party - PML/Q 126, PPPP 81, MMA 63, PML/N 19, MQM/A 17, NA 16, PML/F 5, PML/J 3, PPP/S 2, BNP 1, JWP 1, PAT 1, PML/Z 1, PTI 1, MQM/H 1, PkMAP 1, independents 3 ^R Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president); Federal Islamic or Shari'a Court ^S Awami National Party or ANP [Wali KHAN]; Balochistan National Movement/Hayee Group or BNM/H [Dr. Hayee BALUCH]; Baluch National Party/Awami or BNP/Awami [Moheem Khan BALOCH]; Baluch National Party-Mengal or BNP/M [Sardar Ataullah MENGAL]; Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI]; Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR]; Jamiat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami ul-HAQ faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan or JUP [Shah Faridul HAQ]; Millat Party or MP [Farooq LEGHARI]; Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal Pakistan or MMA [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Muttahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction or MQM/A [Altaf HUSSAIN]; Muttahida Quami Movement, Haqiqi faction or MQM/H [Afaq AHMAD]; National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI]; Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]; Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed Afzal KHAN]; Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Democratic Party or PDP [Mehbooba Mufti SAYEED]; Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan Muslim League or PML [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]; note - as of May 2004, the PML/Q changed its name to PML and absorbed the PML/J, PML/Z, and NA; Pakistan National Party or PNP [Hasil BIZENJO]; Pakistan People's Party or PPP [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO]; Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians or PPPP [Benazir BHUTTO]; Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]; Tehrik-i-Islami [Allama Sajid NAQVI] note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently ^T military remains most important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influential ^U ARF, AsDB, C (reinstated 2004), CP, ECO, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO ^V `N Ambassador Jehangir KARAMAT `O 3517 International Court, Washington, DC 20008 `P [1] (202) 243-3277 `Q [1] (202) 686-1534 `R Los Angeles, New York, Sunnyvale (California) `g Chicago, Houston ^W `N Ambassador Ryan CROCKER `Z Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad `[ P. O. Box 1048, Unit 62200, APO AE 09812-2200 `P [92] (51) 2080-0000 `Q [92] (51) 2276427 `g Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar ^X green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam 
]% ^Y Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes, low levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India. However, IMF-approved government policies, bolstered by generous foreign assistance and renewed access to global markets since 2001, have generated solid macroeconomic recovery the last three years. The government has made substantial macroeconomic reforms since 2000, although progress on more politically sensitive reforms has slowed. For example, in the third and final year of its $1.3 billion IMF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, Islamabad has continued to require waivers for energy sector reforms. While long-term prospects remain uncertain, given Pakistan's low level of development, medium-term prospects for job creation and poverty reduction are the best in nearly a decade. Islamabad has raised development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector. GDP growth, spurred by double-digit gains in industrial production over the past year, has become less dependent on agriculture. Foreign exchange reserves continued to reach new levels in 2004, supported by robust export growth and steady worker remittances. ^Z $347.3 billion (2004 est.) ^[ 6.1% (2004 est.) ^\ purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2004 est.) ^] `; 22.6% `< 24.1% `= 53.3% (2004 est.) ^^ 45.43 million note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2004 est.) ^_ agriculture 42%, industry 20%, services 38% (2004 est.) ^` 8.3% plus substantial underemployment (2004 est.) ^a 32% (FY00/01 est.) _! `> 4.1% `? 27.6% (FY96/97) _d 41 (FY98/99) _" 4.8% (FY03/04 est.) _P 16.4% of GDP (FY03/04 est.) _# `@ $13.45 billion `A $16.51 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.) _Q 71.4% of GDP (2004 est.) _$ cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs _% textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp _& 13.1% (2004 est.) _' 75.27 billion kWh (2003) _( 52.66 billion kWh (2003) _) 0 kWh (2003) _* 0 kWh (2003) _+ 61,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) _, 365,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) _- NA _. NA _R 325.5 million bbl (2004 est.) _S 23.4 billion cu m (2001 est.) _T 23.4 billion cu m (2001 est.) _U 0 cu m (2001 est.) _V 0 cu m (2001 est.) _W 695.6 billion cu m (2004) _X $1.4 billion (2004 est.) _/ $15.07 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) _0 textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, and yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs _1 US 23.5%, UAE 7.4%, UK 7.3%, Germany 5%, Hong Kong 4.4% (2004) _2 $14.01 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) _3 petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea _4 Saudi Arabia 11.6%, UAE 10%, US 9.7%, China 8.4%, Japan 6.5%, Kuwait 5.6% (2004) _Y $12.58 billion (2004 est.) _5 $33.97 billion (2004 est.) _6 $2.4 billion (FY01/02) _7 Pakistani rupee (PKR) _8 Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 58.258 (2004), 57.752 (2003), 59.724 (2002), 61.927 (2001), 53.648 (2000) _9 1 July - 30 June 
]& _: 3,982,800 (2003) _; 2,624,800 (2003) _< `B the domestic system is mediocre, but improving; service is adequate for government and business use, in part because major businesses have established their own private systems; since 1988, the government has promoted investment in the national telecommunications system on a priority basis, significantly increasing network capacity; despite major improvements in trunk and urban systems, telecommunication services are still not readily available to the majority of the rural population `C microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks `D country code - 92; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (1999) _= AM 27, FM 1, shortwave 21 (1998) _> 22 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997) _? .pk _@ 15,124 (2003) _A 1.5 million (2002) 
]' _e `! 8,163 km `e 7,718 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified) `c 445 km 1.000-m gauge (2004) _B `! 257,683 km `E 152,033 km (including 339 km of expressways) `F 105,650 km (2001) _[ gas 9,945 km; oil 1,821 km (2004) _C Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim _K `! 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 329,486 GRT/512,506 DWT by type: cargo 10, petroleum tanker 3 `\ 14 (2005) _D 131 (2004 est.) _E `! 92 `] 14 `G 22 `^ 32 `_ 18 `T 6 (2004 est.) _L `! 39 `] 1 `^ 8 `_ 9 `T 21 (2004 est.) _\ 15 (2004 est.) 
]( _F Army, Navy, Air Force _M 16 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age of 18 (2001) _] males age 16-49: 39,028,014 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 16-49: 29,428,747 (2005 est.) _^ `` 1,969,055 (2005 est.) _N $3.848 billion (2004) _O 4.9% (2004) 
]) _H recent talks and confidence-building measures have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; in 2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease fire in the Kashmir, and in 2005 restored bus service across the highly militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has taken its dispute on the impact and benefits of India's building the Baglihar dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for arbitration and in general the two states still dispute Indus River water sharing; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in 2004; Pakistani maps continue to show Junagadh in India's Gujarat State; by 2005, Pakistan with UN assistance had repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees and has undertaken a census to count the remaining million or more, many of whom remain at their own choosing; Pakistan maintains troops in remote tribal areas to control the border with Afghanistan and root out organized terrorist and other illegal cross-border activities; regular meetings with Afghan and Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary encroachments _c `d 1,064,230 (Afghanistan) IDPs: undetermined (government strikes on Islamic militants in South Waziristan) (2004) _I opium poppy in Federally Administered Tribal Areas, North-West Frontier Province, and Balochistan Province has rebounded since it was nearly eliminated in 2001; key transit point for Afghan drugs, including heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound for Western markets, the Gulf States, and Africa; financial crimes related to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain problems 