]! ^! Two British attempts at establishing the island as a penal colony (1788-1814 and 1825-55) were ultimately abandoned. In 1856, the island was resettled by Pitcairn Islanders, descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian companions. 
]" ^" Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Australia ^# 29 02 S, 167 57 E ^$ Oceania ^% `! 34.6 sq km `" 34.6 sq km `# 0 sq km ^& about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC ^' 0 km ^( 32 km ^) `$ 12 nm `a 200 nm ^* subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation ^+ volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains ^, `% Pacific Ocean 0 m `& Mount Bates 319 m ^- fish ^. `' 0% `( 0% `) 100% (2001) ^/ NA ^0 typhoons (especially May to July) ^1 NA ^2 most of the 32-km coastline consists of almost inaccessible cliffs, but the land slopes down to the sea in one small southern area on Sydney Bay, where the capital of Kingston is situated 
]# ^3 1,828 (July 2005 est.) ^4 `* 20.2% `+ 63.9% `, 15.9% (2005 est.) ^6 -0.01% (2005 est.) ^7 NA ^8 NA ^9 NA ^: NA ^; `! NA `- NA `. NA ^< `1 NA `- NA `. NA ^= NA ^> NA ^? NA ^@ NA ^A `2 Norfolk Islander(s) `3 Norfolk Islander(s) ^B descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New Zealander, Polynesians ^C Anglican 34.9%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church in Australia 11.2%, Seventh-Day Adventist 2.8%, Australian Christian 2.4%, Jehovah's Witness 0.9%, other 2.7%, unspecified 15.3%, none 18.1% (2001 census) ^D English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian ^E NA 
]$ ^F `4 Territory of Norfolk Island `5 Norfolk Island ^G territory of Australia; Canberra administers Commonwealth responsibilities on Norfolk Island through the Department of Environment, Sport, and Territories ^H NA ^I Kingston ^J none (territory of Australia) ^K none (territory of Australia) ^L Bounty Day (commemorates the arrival of Pitcairn Islanders), 8 June (1856) ^M Norfolk Island Act of 1979 ^N based on the laws of Australia, local ordinances and acts; English common law applies in matters not covered by either Australian or Norfolk Island law ^O 18 years of age; universal ^P `6 Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); the UK and Australia are represented by Administrator Grant TAMBLING (since 1 November 2003) `7 Assembly President and Chief Minister Geoffrey Robert GARDNER (since 5 December 2001) `8 Executive Council is made up of four of the nine members of the Legislative Assembly; the council devises government policy and acts as an advisor to the administrator `9 the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the governor general of Australia; chief minister elected by the Legislative Assembly for a term of not more than three years; election last held 20 Ocotber 2004 (next to be held by December 2007) `: Geoffrey Robert GARDNER elected chief minister; percent of Legislative Assembly vote - 17.2% ^Q unicameral Legislative Assembly (9 seats; members elected by electors who have nine equal votes each but only four votes can be given to any one candidate; members serve three-year terms) `9 last held 20 October 2004 (next to be held by December 2007) `: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 9 (note - no political parties) ^R Supreme Court; Court of Petty Sessions ^S none ^T none ^U UPU ^V none (territory of Australia) ^W none (territory of Australia) ^X three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band 
]% ^Y Tourism, the primary economic activity, has steadily increased over the years and has brought a level of prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific islands. The agricultural sector has become self-sufficient in the production of beef, poultry, and eggs. ^Z NA ^[ NA ^\ purchasing power parity - NA ^] `; NA `< NA `= NA ^^ 1,345 ^_ tourism 90%, subsistence agriculture 10% ^` 0% ^a NA _! `> NA `? NA _" NA _# `@ $20 million `A $20 million, including capital expenditures of $2 million (FY99/00) _$ Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals, vegetables, fruit; cattle, poultry _% tourism, light industry, ready mixed concrete _& NA _' NA kWh _( NA kWh _/ $1.5 million f.o.b. (FY99/00) _0 postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia palm, small quantities of avocados _1 Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia, Europe _2 $17.9 million c.i.f. (FY91/92) _3 NA _4 Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia, Europe _5 NA _6 NA _7 Australian dollar (AUD) _8 Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000) _9 1 July - 30 June 
]& _: 2,532; note - a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32) circuits (2004) _; 0 (proposed cellular service disallowed in August 2002 island referendum) (2002) _< `B adequate `C free local calls `D country code - 672; undersea coaxial cable links with Australia, New Zealand, and Canada; satellite earth station _= AM 1, FM 3, shortwave 0 (2005) _> 1 (local programming station plus two repeaters that bring in Australian programs by satellite) (2005) _? .nf _A 700 
]' _B `! 80 km `E 53 km `F 27 km (2001) _C none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade _D 1 (2004 est.) _E `! 1 `^ 1 (2004 est.) 
]( _G defense is the responsibility of Australia 
]) _H none 