]! ^! Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the southern third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in 1976, but relinquished it after three years of raids by the Polisario guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA siezed power in a coup in 1984. Opposition parties were legalized and a new constitution approved in 1991. Two multiparty presidential elections since then were widely seen as flawed, but October 2001 legislative and municipal elections were generally free and open. A bloodless coup in August 2005 deposed President TAYA and ushered in a military council headed by Col. Ely Ould Mohamed VALL, which declared it would remain in power for up to two years while it created conditions for genuine democratic institutions. For now, however, Mauritania remains, a one-party state. The country continues to experience ethnic tensions between its black population and the Maur (Arab-Berber) populace. 
]" ^" Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Senegal and Western Sahara ^# 20 00 N, 12 00 W ^$ Africa ^% `! 1,030,700 sq km `" 1,030,400 sq km `# 300 sq km ^& slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico ^' `! 5,074 km `U Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara 1,561 km ^( 754 km ^) `$ 12 nm `H 24 nm `I 200 nm `J 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin ^* desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty ^+ mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills ^, `% Sebkhet Te-n-Dghamcha -5 m `& Kediet Ijill 915 m ^- iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold, oil, fish ^. `' 0.48% `( 0.01% `) 99.51% (2001) ^/ 490 sq km (1998 est.) ^0 hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts ^1 overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated by drought are contributing to desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Senegal, which is the only perennial river; locust infestation _J `K Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands `L none of the selected agreements ^2 most of the population concentrated in the cities of Nouakchott and Nouadhibou and along the Senegal River in the southern part of the country 
]# ^3 3,086,859 (July 2005 est.) ^4 `* 45.8% (male 707,728/female 704,616) `+ 52% (male 792,589/female 813,763) `, 2.2% (male 27,560/female 40,603) (2005 est.) ^5 `! 16.98 years `- 16.71 years `. 17.24 years (2005 est.) ^6 2.9% (2005 est.) ^7 41.43 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^8 12.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^9 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^: `/ 1.03 male(s)/female `0 1 male(s)/female `+ 0.97 male(s)/female `, 0.68 male(s)/female `1 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.) ^; `! 70.89 deaths/1,000 live births `- 73.81 deaths/1,000 live births `. 67.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) ^< `1 52.73 years `- 50.52 years `. 55 years (2005 est.) ^= 5.94 children born/woman (2005 est.) ^> 0.6% (2003 est.) ^? 9,500 (2003 est.) ^@ less than 500 (2003 est.) __ degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and Rift Valley fever are high risks in some locations respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004) ^A `2 Mauritanian(s) `3 Mauritanian ^B mixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30% ^C Muslim 100% ^D Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof ^E `M age 15 and over can read and write `1 41.7% `- 51.8% `. 31.9% (2003 est.) 
]$ ^F `4 Islamic Republic of Mauritania `5 Mauritania `V Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah `W Muritaniyah ^H republic ^I Nouakchott ^J 12 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 capital district*; Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh Ech Chargui, Hodh El Gharbi, Inchiri, Nouakchott*, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza ^K 28 November 1960 (from France) ^L Independence Day, 28 November (1960) ^M 12 July 1991 ^N a combination of Shari'a (Islamic law) and French civil law ^O 18 years of age; universal ^P `6 President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984); note - President TAYA deposed in a coup by the Military Council for Justice and Democracy led by Col. Ely Ould Mohamed VALL on 3 August 2005 `7 Prime Minister Sidi Mohamed Ould BOUBAKAR (since 8 August 2005) `8 Council of Ministers `9 president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 7 November 2003 (next to be held NA 2009); prime minister appointed by the president `: President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA reelected for a third term with 60.8% of the vote ^Q bicameral legislature consists of the Senate or Majlis al-Shuyukh (56 seats, a part of the seats up for election every two years; members elected by municipal leaders to serve six-year terms) and the National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani (81 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) `9 Senate - last held 9 and 16 April 2004 (next to be held April 2006); National Assembly - last held 19 and 26 October 2001 (next to be held NA 2006) `: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - PRDS 79%, RDU 3.5%, UDP 3.5%, AC 5%, UFP 3.5%, FP 1.5%; seats by party - PRDS 64, UDP 3, RDU 3, AC 4, RFD 3, UFP 3, and FP 1 ^R Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Court of Appeals; lower courts ^S Action for Change or AC [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Alliance for Justice and Democracy or AJD [Kebe ABDOULAYE]; Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS (ruling party) [President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA]; Mauritanian Party for Renewal and Concorde or PMRC [Molaye El Hassen Ould JIYID]; National Union for Democracy and Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA]; Party for Liberty, Equality and Justice or PLEJ [Daouda M'BAGNIGA]; Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progress Alliance or APP [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Popular Social and Democratic Union or UPSD [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH]; Progress Force Union or UFP [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]; Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH]; Rally for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA]; Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS] note: the Action for Change party was banned in January 2002 although its members were permitted to keep their seats in the National Assembly; parties legalized by constitution ratified 12 July 1991, however, politics continue to be tribally based ^T Arab nationalists; Ba'thists; General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general]; Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE]; Islamists; Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general] ^U ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO ^V `N Ambassador Tijani Ould KERIM `O 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 `P [1] (202) 232-5700, 5701 `Q [1] (202) 319-2623 ^W `N Ambassador Joseph E. LEBARON `Z 288 Rue Abdallaye (between Presidency building and Spanish Embassy), Nouakchott `[ BP 222, Nouakchott `P [222] 525-2660/525-2663 `Q [222] 25-25-92 ^X green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam 
]% ^Y Half the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a livelihood, even though many of the nomads and subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for nearly 40% of total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near Nouakchott in 1986. In the past, drought and economic mismanagement resulted in a buildup of foreign debt. In February 2000, Mauritania qualified for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative and in December 2001 received strong support from donor and lending countries at a triennial Consultative Group review. In 2001, exploratory oil wells in tracts 80 km offshore indicated potential extraction at current world oil prices. A new investment code approved in December 2001 improved the opportunities for direct foreign investment. Ongoing negotiations with the IMF involve problems of economic reforms and fiscal discipline. Substantial oil production and exports probably will not begin until 2006. Meantime the government emphasizes reduction of poverty, improvement of health and education, and promoting privatization of the economy. ^Z $5.534 billion (2004 est.) ^[ 3% (2004 est.) ^\ purchasing power parity - $1,800 (2004 est.) ^] `; 25% `< 29% `= 46% (2001 est.) ^^ 786,000 (2001) ^_ agriculture 50%, industry 10%, services 40% (2001 est.) ^` 20% (2004 est.) ^a 40% (2004 est.) _! `> 2.5% `? 30.2% (2000) _d 37.3 (1995) _" 7% (2003 est.) _# `@ $421 million `A $378 million, including capital expenditures of $154 million (2002 est.) _$ dates, millet, sorghum, rice, corn, dates; cattle, sheep _% fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum _& 2% (2000 est.) _' 190.2 million kWh (2002) _( 176.9 million kWh (2002) _) 0 kWh (2002) _* 0 kWh (2002) _+ 0 bbl/day (2001 est.) _, 24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) _- NA _. NA _/ $541 million f.o.b. (2002) _0 iron ore, fish and fish products, gold _1 Japan 13.1%, France 11%, Spain 9.7%, Germany 9.7%, Italy 9.6%, Belgium 7.5%, China 6.1%, Russia 4.6%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.1% (2004) _2 $860 million f.o.b. (2002) _3 machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods _4 France 14.1%, US 7.6%, China 6.4%, Spain 5.8%, UK 4.6%, Germany 4.3%, Belgium 4.2% (2004) _5 $2.5 billion (2000) _6 $220 million (2000) _7 ouguiya (MRO) _8 ouguiyas per US dollar - NA(2004), 263.03 (2003), 271.74 (2002), 255.63 (2001), 238.92 (2000) _9 calendar year 
]& _: 31,500 (2002) _; 300,000 (2003) _< `B limited system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations (improvements being made) `C mostly cable and open-wire lines; a recently completed domestic satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott with regional capitals `D country code - 222; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 2 Arabsat _= AM 1, FM 14, shortwave 1 (2001) _> 1 (2002) _? .mr _@ 25 (2003) _A 10,000 (2002) 
]' _e 717 km `b 717 km 1.435-m gauge (2004) _B `! 7,660 km `E 866 km `F 6,794 km (1999 est.) _b some ferry traffic on Senegal River (2004) _C Nouadhibou, Nouakchott _D 24 (2004 est.) _E `! 8 `G 3 `^ 5 (2004 est.) _L `! 16 `^ 9 `_ 6 `T 1 (2004 est.) 
]( _F Mauritanian Armed Forces: Army, Navy (Marine Mauritanienne; includes Naval Infantry), Air Force (Force Aerienne Islamique de Mauritanie, FAIM) (2005) _M 18 years of age (est.); conscript service obligation - 2 years; majority of servicemen believed to be volunteers; service in Air Force and Navy is voluntary (April 2005) _] males age 18-49: 606,463 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 18-49: 370,513 (2005 est.) _N $20.8 million (2004) _O 1.7% (2004) 
]) _H Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in recent years 