]! ^! Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then, the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center. 
]" ^" Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy ^# 43 44 N, 7 24 E ^$ Europe ^% `! 1.95 sq km `" 1.95 sq km `# 0 sq km ^& about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC ^' `! 4.4 km `U France 4.4 km ^( 4.1 km ^) `$ 12 nm ^* Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers ^+ hilly, rugged, rocky ^, `% Mediterranean Sea 0 m `& Mont Agel 140 m ^- none ^. `' 0% `( 0% `) 100% (urban area) (2001) ^/ NA sq km ^0 NA ^1 NA _J `K Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling `L Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol ^2 second-smallest independent state in the world (after Holy See); almost entirely urban 
]# ^3 32,409 (July 2005 est.) ^4 `* 15.5% (male 2,563/female 2,445) `+ 62.1% (male 9,909/female 10,217) `, 22.4% (male 2,972/female 4,303) (2005 est.) ^5 `! 45.25 years `- 43.27 years `. 47.19 years (2005 est.) ^6 0.43% (2005 est.) ^7 9.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^8 12.71 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^9 7.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^: `/ 1.05 male(s)/female `0 1.05 male(s)/female `+ 0.97 male(s)/female `, 0.69 male(s)/female `1 0.91 male(s)/female (2005 est.) ^; `! 5.43 deaths/1,000 live births `- 6.29 deaths/1,000 live births `. 4.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) ^< `1 79.57 years `- 75.7 years `. 83.63 years (2005 est.) ^= 1.76 children born/woman (2005 est.) ^> NA% ^? NA ^@ NA ^A `2 Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s) `3 Monegasque or Monacan ^B French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21% ^C Roman Catholic 90% ^D French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque ^E `M NA `1 99% `- NA% `. NA% 
]$ ^F `4 Principality of Monaco `5 Monaco `V Principaute de Monaco `W Monaco ^H constitutional monarchy ^I Monaco ^J none; there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are four quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo ^K 1419 (beginning of the rule by the House of Grimaldi) ^L National Day (Prince of Monaco Holiday), 19 November ^M 17 December 1962 ^N based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction ^O 21 years of age; universal ^P `6 Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005) `7 Minister of State Jean-Paul PROUST (since 1 June 2005) `8 Council of Government is under the authority of the monarch `9 none; the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national candidates presented by the French Government ^Q unicameral National Council or Conseil National (24 seats; 16 members elected by list majority system, 8 by proportional representation; to serve five-year terms) `9 last held 9 February 2003 (next to be held February 2008) `: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UNAM 21, UND 3 ^R Supreme Court or Tribunal Supreme (judges appointed by the monarch on the basis of nominations by the National Council) ^S National and Democratic Union or UND [Jean-Louis CAMPORA]; Union for Monaco or UPM (including National Union for the Future of Monaco or UNAM) [leader NA] ^T NA ^U ACCT, CE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO ^V Monaco does not have an embassy in the US `R New York ^W the US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France) is accredited to Monaco ^X two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red 
]% ^Y Monaco, bordering France on the Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. In 2001, a major construction project extended the pier used by cruise ships in the main harbor. The principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service. Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas. Monaco does not publish national income figures; the estimates below are extremely rough. ^Z $870 million (2000 est.) ^[ 0.9% (2000 est.) ^\ purchasing power parity - $27,000 (2000 est.) ^] `; 17% `< NA% `= NA% (2001 est.) ^^ 30,540 (January 1994) ^` 22% (1999) ^a NA% _! `> NA% `? NA% _" 1.9% (2000) _# `@ $518 million `A $531 million, including capital expenditures of NA (1995) _$ none _% tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products _& NA% _( NA kWh _* NA kWh note: electricity supplied by France _/ $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France _2 $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France _5 $18 billion (2000 est.) _6 NA _7 euro (EUR) _8 euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000) _9 calendar year 
]& _: 33,700 (2002) _; 19,300 (2002) _< `B modern automatic telephone system `C NA `D country code - 377; no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system _= AM 1, FM NA, shortwave 8 (1998) _> 5 (1998) _? .mc _@ 533 (2004) _A 16,000 (2002) 
]' _B `! 50 km `E 50 km `F 0 km (1999 est.) _C Monaco _K `\ 54 (2005) _D none; linked to the airport at Nice, France by helicopter service (2004 est.) _\ 1 (shuttle service between the international airport at Nice, France, and Monaco's heliport at Fontvieille) (2004 est.) 
]( _G defense is the responsibility of France; the Palace Guard performs ceremonial duties (2003) 
]) _H none 