]! ^! After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians fought through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in 1962. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), has dominated politics ever since. Many Algerians in the subsequent generation were not satisfied, however, and moved to counter the FLN's centrality in Algerian politics. The surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 balloting spurred the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crack down on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. The government later allowed elections featuring pro-government and moderate religious-based parties, but did not appease the activists who progressively widened their attacks. The fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense fighting between 1992-98 and which resulted in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. However, small numbers of armed militants persist in confronting government forces and conducting ambushes and occasional attacks on villages. The army placed Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA in the presidency in 1999 in a fraudulent election but claimed neutrality in his 2004 landslide reelection victory. Longstanding problems continue to face BOUTEFLIKA in his second term, including the ethnic minority Berbers' ongoing autonomy campaign, large-scale unemployment, a shortage of housing, unreliable electrical and water supplies, government inefficiencies and corruption, and the continuing - although significantly degraded - activities of extremist militants. Algeria must also diversify its petroleum-based economy, which has yielded a large cash reserve but which has not been used to redress Algeria's many social and infrastructure problems. Algeria assumed a two-year seat on the UN Security Council in January 2004. 
]" ^" Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia ^# 28 00 N, 3 00 E ^$ Africa ^% `! 2,381,740 sq km `" 2,381,740 sq km `# 0 sq km ^& slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas ^' `! 6,343 km `U Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km ^( 998 km ^) `$ 12 nm `a 32-52 nm ^* arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer ^+ mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain ^, `% Chott Melrhir -40 m `& Tahat 3,003 m ^- petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc ^. `' 3.22% `( 0.25% `) 96.53% (2001) ^/ 5,600 sq km (1998 est.) ^0 mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season ^1 soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water _J `K Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands `L none of the selected agreements ^2 second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan) 
]# ^3 32,531,853 (July 2005 est.) ^4 `* 29% (male 4,811,086/female 4,626,271) `+ 66.3% (male 10,861,862/female 10,701,459) `, 4.7% (male 719,460/female 811,715) (2005 est.) ^5 `! 24.36 years `- 24.18 years `. 24.53 years (2005 est.) ^6 1.22% (2005 est.) ^7 17.13 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^8 4.6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^9 -0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) ^: `/ 1.05 male(s)/female `0 1.04 male(s)/female `+ 1.02 male(s)/female `, 0.89 male(s)/female `1 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.) ^; `! 31 deaths/1,000 live births `- 34.83 deaths/1,000 live births `. 26.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) ^< `1 73 years `- 71.45 years `. 74.63 years (2005 est.) ^= 1.92 children born/woman (2005 est.) ^> 0.1% ; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.) ^? 9,100 (2003 est.) ^@ less than 500 (2003 est.) __ degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: cutaneous leishmaniasis is a high risk in some locations (2004) ^A `2 Algerian(s) `3 Algerian ^B Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; the minority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools ^C Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1% ^D Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects ^E `M age 15 and over can read and write `1 70% `- 78.8% `. 61% (2003 est.) 
]$ ^F `4 People's Democratic Republic of Algeria `5 Algeria `V Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Sha'biyah `W Al Jaza'ir ^H republic ^I Algiers ^J 48 provinces (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen ^K 5 July 1962 (from France) ^L Revolution Day, 1 November (1954) ^M 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996 ^N socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction ^O 18 years of age; universal ^P `6 President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28 April 1999) `7 Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 9 May 2003) `8 Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president `9 president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 8 April 2004 (next to be held NA April 2009); prime minister appointed by the president `: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for second term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 85%, Ali BENFLIS 6.4%, Abdellah DJABALLAH 5% ^Q bicameral Parliament consists of the National People's Assembly or Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani (389 seats - changed from 380 seats in the 2002 elections; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Council of Nations (Senate) (144 seats; one-third of the members appointed by the president, two-thirds elected by indirect vote; members serve six-year terms; the constitution requires half the council to be renewed every three years) `9 National People's Assembly - last held 30 May 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); Council of Nations (Senate) - last held 30 December 2003 (next to be held NA 2006) `: National People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FLN 199, RND 48, Islah 43, MSP 38, PT 21, FNA 8, EnNahda 1, PRA 1, MEN 1, independents 29; Council of Nations - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party NA% ^R Supreme Court or Court Supreme ^S Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]; Democratic National Rally or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA, chairman]; Islamic Salvation Front or FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ and Dr. Abassi MADANI, Rabeh KEBIR (self-exiled in Germany)]; National Entente Movement or MEN [Ali BOUKHAZNA]; National Liberation Front or FLN [Abdelaziz BELKHADEM, secretary general (also serves as Foreign Minister)]; National Reform Movement or Islah (formerly MRN) [Abdellah DJABALLAH]; National Renewal Party or PRA [Yacine TERKMANE]; Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS]; Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Said SAADI, secretary general]; Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Fatah RABEI]; Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary general (self-exiled in Switzerland)]; Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed KHELIL]; Society of Peace Movement or MSP [Boujerra SOLTANI]; Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUN] note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997 ^T The Algerian Human Rights League or LADH or LADDH [Yahia Ali ABDENOUR]; SOS Disparus [Nacera DUTOUR]; Somoud [Ali MERABET] ^U ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BIS, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, OSCE (partner), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer) ^V `N Ambassador Amine KHERBI `O 2137 Wyoming Ave NW, Washington, DC 20008 `P [1] (202) 265-2800 `Q [1] (202) 667-2174 ^W `N Ambassador Richard W. ERDMAN `Z 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers `[ B. P. 408, Alger-Gare, 16030 Algiers `P [213] (21) 691-425/255/186 `Q [213] (21) 69-39-79 ^X two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion) 
]% ^Y The hydrocarbons sector is the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings. Algeria has the seventh-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the second-largest gas exporter; it ranks 14th in oil reserves. Sustained high oil prices in recent years, along with macroeconomic policy reforms supported by the IMF, have helped improve Algeria's financial and macroeconomic indicators. Algeria is running substantial trade surpluses and building up record foreign exchange reserves. Real GDP has risen due to higher oil output and increased government spending. The government's continued efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector, however, has had little success in reducing high unemployment and improving living standards. Structural reform within the economy moves ahead slowly. ^Z $212.3 billion (2004 est.) ^[ 6.1% (2004 est.) ^\ purchasing power parity - $6,600 (2004 est.) ^] `; 10.3% `< 57.4% `= 32.3% (2004 est.) ^^ 9.91 million (2004 est.) ^_ agriculture 14%, industry 13.4%, construction and public works 10%, trade 14.6%, government 32%, other 16% (2003 est.) ^` 25.4% (2004 est.) ^a 23% (1999 est.) _! `> 2.8% `? 26.8% (1995) _d 35.3 (1995) _" 3.1% (2004 est.) _P 26.2% of GDP (2004 est.) _# `@ $31.47 billion `A $29.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.8 billion (2004 est.) _Q 37.4% of GDP (2004 est.) _$ wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits; sheep, cattle _% petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing _& 6% (2004 est.) _' 25.76 billion kWh (2002) _( 23.61 billion kWh (2002) _) 500 million kWh (2002) _* 150 million kWh (2002) _+ 1.2 million bbl/day (2004 est.) _, 209,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) _- NA _. NA _R 11.87 billion bbl (2004 est.) _S 80.3 billion cu m (2001 est.) _T 22.32 billion cu m (2001 est.) _U 57.98 billion cu m (2001 est.) _V 0 cu m (2001 est.) _W 4.739 trillion cu m (2004) _X $11.9 billion (2004 est.) _/ $32.16 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) _0 petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products 97% _1 US 22.6%, Italy 17.2%, France 11.4%, Spain 10.1%, Canada 7.5%, Brazil 6.1%, Belgium 4.6% (2004) _2 $15.25 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) _3 capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods _4 France 30.3%, Italy 8.2%, Germany 6.5%, Spain 5.5%, US 5.2%, China 5.1%, Turkey 4.3% (2004) _Y $43.55 billion (2004 est.) _5 $21.9 billion (2004 est.) _6 $122.8 million (2002 est.) _7 Algerian dinar (DZD) _8 Algerian dinars per US dollar - 72.061 (2004), 77.395 (2003), 79.682 (2002), 77.215 (2001), 75.26 (2000) _9 calendar year 
]& _: 2,199,600 (2003) _; 1,447,310 (2003) _< `B telephone density in Algeria is very low, not exceeding five telephones per 100 persons; the number of fixed main lines increased in the last few years to a little more than 2,000,000, but only about two-thirds of these have subscribers; much of the infrastructure is outdated and inefficient `C good service in north but sparse in south; domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations (20 additional domestic earth stations are planned) `D country code - 213; 5 submarine cables; microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and Tunisia; participant in Medarabtel; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat (1998) _= AM 25, FM 1, shortwave 8 (1999) _> 46 (plus 216 repeaters) (1995) _? .dz _@ 897 (2004) _A 500,000 (2002) 
]' _e `! 3,973 km `b 2,888 km 1.435-m gauge (283 km electrified) `c 1,085 km 1.055-m gauge (2004) _B `! 104,000 km `E 71,656 km (including 640 km of expressways) `F 32,344 km (1999) _[ condensate 1,344 km; gas 85,946 km; liquid petroleum gas 2,213 km; oil 6,496 km (2004) _C Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda _K `! 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 837,676 GRT/929,847 DWT by type: bulk carrier 9, cargo 14, chemical tanker 4, liquefied gas 10, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 6, roll on/roll off 9 `S 3 (United Kingdom 3) `\ 1 (2005) _D 137 (2004 est.) _E `! 52 `] 10 `G 27 `^ 10 `_ 4 `T 1 (2004 est.) _L `! 85 `G 2 `^ 26 `_ 38 `T 19 (2004 est.) _\ 1 (2004 est.) 
]( _F People's National Army (ANP; includes Land Forces), Algerian National Navy (MRA), Air Force (QJJ), Territorial Air Defense Force (2005) _M 19-30 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months (October 2003) _] males age 19-49: 8,033,049 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 19-49: 6,590,079 (2005 est.) _^ `` 374,639 (2005 est.) _N $2.48 billion (2004) _O 3.2% (2004) 
]) _H Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation has accused the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in an attempt to improve relations after unilaterally imposing a visa requirement on Algerians in the early 1990s, Morocco lifted the requirement in mid-2004 - a gesture not reciprocated by Algeria; Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco _c `d 165,000 (Western Saharan Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf) IDPs: 100,000 - 200,000 (conflict between government forces, Islamic insurgents) (2004) 